Effects of Etching and Delamination on Biocompatibility of Ti-Based MXenes

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dc.contributor.authorDiedkova, Katerynaen
dc.contributor.authorRoslyk, Irynaen
dc.contributor.authorKanas, Nikolaen
dc.contributor.authorGrine, Litaen
dc.contributor.authorDeineka, Volodymyren
dc.contributor.authorBlacha-Grzechnik, Agataen
dc.contributor.authorBoroduskis, Martinsen
dc.contributor.authorIatsunskyi, Igoren
dc.contributor.authorAnastaziak, Błażejen
dc.contributor.authorKonieva, Anastasiaen
dc.contributor.authorShubin, Pavloen
dc.contributor.authorSimka, Wojciechen
dc.contributor.authorTruhins, Marksen
dc.contributor.authorSulaieva, Oksanaen
dc.contributor.authorYanko, Ilyaen
dc.contributor.authorZahorodna, Veronikaen
dc.contributor.authorStojanovic, Goranen
dc.contributor.authorGogotsi, Oleksiyen
dc.contributor.authorGogotsi, Yuryen
dc.contributor.authorPogorielov, Maksymen
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-03T10:36:47Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionI. Roslyk: ORCID 0000-0002-7168-6623en
dc.description.abstractENG: MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as promising candidates for biomedical applications due to their electrical conductivity, photothermal response, and rich surface chemistry. However, their biocompatibility is highly sensitive to synthesis conditions, particularly etching and delamination strategies. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of different synthesis routes─using acidic (concentrated or diluted HF/HCl) etching and Li+ versus Na+ intercalation─on the surface chemistry, structural integrity, and biological behavior of Ti3C2Tx and its carbonitride analog Ti3C1.5N0.5Tx. Detailed physicochemical characterization revealed that water-assisted etching and Na+ intercalation enhanced hydroxylation and reduced fluorine terminations. Biological assays using human keratinocytes (HaCaT) demonstrated that Ti3C1.5N0.5Tx exhibited superior biocompatibility compared to Ti3C2Tx, with lower cytotoxicity, diminished ROS generation, minimal inflammatory signaling (IL-6 and IL-8 interleukins), and preserved wound healing capacity. Among Ti3C2Tx variants, the combination of diluted etchant and Na+ intercalation significantly improved biological tolerance, minimizing apoptosis and oxidative stress. These findings underscore the critical role of surface chemistry in MXene-cell interactions and offer a practical guide to engineering safer MXenes for biomedical use.en
dc.description.sponsorshipSumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine; University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Novi Sad, Serbia; Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland; University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Medical Laboratory CSD, Kyi, Ukraine; Materials Research Centre, Kyiv, Ukraineen
dc.identifier.citationDiedkova K., Roslyk I., Kanas N., Grine L., Deineka V., Blacha-Grzechnik A., Boroduskis M., Iatsunskyi I., Anastaziak B., Konieva A., Shubin P., Simka W., Truhins M., Sulaieva O., Yanko I., Zahorodna V., Stojanovic G., Gogotsi O., Gogotsi Yu., Pogorielov M. Effects of Etching and Delamination on Biocompatibility of Ti-Based MXenes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2025. Vol. 17, Iss. 34. P. 47919−47937. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c08807.
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c08807en
dc.identifier.issn1944-8244 (Print)
dc.identifier.issn1944-8252 (Online)
dc.identifier.urihttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.5c08807en
dc.identifier.urihttps://crust.ust.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22000en
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherACS Publications, Washington, DC, USAen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licenseen
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectMXenesen
dc.subjectsurface terminationsen
dc.subjectetchingen
dc.subjectintercalationen
dc.subjectbiocompatibilityen
dc.subjectin vivo toleranceen
dc.subjecttoxicity mechanismen
dc.subjectКПМ і ЗМuk_UA
dc.subject.classificationTECHNOLOGYen
dc.subject.classificationTECHNOLOGY::Materials scienceen
dc.titleEffects of Etching and Delamination on Biocompatibility of Ti-Based MXenesen
dc.typeArticleen

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