Статті КФУ ФУЕЕП ДІІТ

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Enlightenment Thought and the Characteristics of Its Contemporary Transformations
(Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Dnipro, Ukraine, 2025) Liakh, V. V.; Khmil, Volodymyr V.
ENG: The purpose of this research is to carry out a comparative analysis of the proposed variants of Enlightenment ideals in order to demonstrate the complexity of this problem and the diversity of approaches to its resolution. It aims to clarify the boundaries of classical Enlightenment thought and its explications, the Second Enlightenment and the New Enlightenment in particular, and to identify the points at which a transition into a new qualitative stage becomes possible. Theoretical basis. The analysis deals with conceptual approaches that need paradigmatic shifts in the fundamental orientations of humanity. The study draws on interpretations of the classical paradigm of Enlightenment ideals, particularly those by Immanuel Kant, as well as contemporary attempts to support or rehabilitate these ideals under present-day conditions (S. Pinker). Originality. The growing technological and sociocultural transformations have reached a level at which the idea of humanity’s linear development appears increasingly untenable, thereby intensifying the demand for new basic principles of development. The expansion of what may be described as a Nietzschean "Age of the Will" calls into question how the ideals of classical Enlightenment can be implemented in contemporary realities. As there is a substantial shift toward authoritarianism and the decline of liberal democracies, the threat of destabilizing the global international order is becoming increasingly evident. The philosophical analysis therefore focuses on possible strategies for counteracting the rise of authoritarian tendencies, understanding the prospects for combining the volitional dimension with a rational approach. Conclusions. Any assessment or reassessment of the Enlightenment legacy must primarily take into account the current radical transformations in the modern world, including changes of a wide range of fundamental concepts. On the one hand, the values of the Enlightenment is a civilizational achievement that humanity cannot reject, on the other hand, each historical phase requires its own values, regulative principles, and worldview orientations. This gives rise to an urgent question: do contemporary global crises signal a qualitative shift in the interpretation of human value, rationality, and progress, or are they merely temporary obstacles within a potentially progressive trajectory of human development? A fundamental dilemma emerges – either to preserve earlier values or to renew by creating a new set of virtues that could serve as guiding principles for the future development of humanity.
Corporeality, Morality and Soul of Man in the Treatises by Innokenty Gizel
(Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Dnipro, Ukraine, 2025) Fedko, Olha M.
ENG: Purpose. The study aims to analyse anthropological images of human corporeality and morality in the treatises of the Ukrainian theologian and philosopher of the Baroque era, Innokenty Gizel. His creative synthesis of Orthodox ideas, which represents a humanistic model of understanding man, deserves special attention. Theoretical basis. The methodological basis consists of the basic provisions of historical and philosophical analysis, hermeneutics, and a cultural-anthropological approach. The theoretical basis is provided by works on the history of Ukrainian Baroque thought and Gizel’s philosophical and theological texts. Originality. The author attempts a comprehensive reconstruction of Innokenty Gizel’s anthropological concept in the context of Ukrainian Baroque. Baroque anthropology is considered as a synthetic system that combines the rationalistic, moral-ethical, and spiritual dimensions of human existence. It has been determined that Gizel forms his own model of Christian humanism as a combination of Orthodox spirituality and rationalistic philosophy. The understanding of the soul as a spiritual and rational substance that integrates the physical, moral and cognitive principles is clarified. Conclusions. The anthropological concept of Innokenty Gizel represents a new stage in the development of Ukrainian philosophical and theological thought of the 17th century. At the heart of his teachings is the human being as a spiritual and moral creature, called upon to seek harmony with God through knowledge, repentance and free will. His treatises reflect a dialectical combination of the physical and spiritual, the rational and moral in man, which corresponds to the Baroque idea of the unity of opposites. Gizel created an original Ukrainian version of Christian humanism, in which moral perfection and inner freedom form the basis of true human existence. Thus, the legacy of Innokenty Gizel is an important source for understanding the formation of the Ukrainian anthropological tradition and the development of spiritual culture in the Baroque era.
The Idea of the "Self-Made Man" and the Philosophy of Postmodernism
(Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Dnipro, 2026) Korkh, Oleksandr M.; Khmil, Volodymyr V.
ENG: Purpose. This study explores the underestimated potential of postmodern philosophy to understand a modern human and their priorities, particularly through the interpretation of the idea of the "self-made man" (an individual who creates oneself). Through a comparative analysis, the paper examines the conceptualization of human formation as a self-made man in the Enlightenment era and postmodernity context. Theoretical basis. The study is based on analytical and generalizing methods, as well as the works of M. Foucault, J. Baudrillard, J.-F. Lyotard, U. Eco, etc. Originality. Despite the claims regarding narrow opportunities for individual self-determination in postmodernity, the ideal of the "self-made man" remains an integral component of philosophical reflection. It is demonstrated that the postmodern delegitimation of Enlightenment metanarratives entails the rejection of metaphysical discourse. Within this framework, metanarratives gradually lose their appeal, while individuals are increasingly compelled to rely on themselves and independently determine their priorities. People act regardless of their social status, define the goals and sense of their existence, and choose the means of achieving them. The process of becoming a person unfolds in social transformations, the growing complexity of democratic institutions, and the emancipation of individuals seeking to make their lives more meaningful. Conclusions. The search for human emancipation encompasses several stages of social and mental development through self-determination and self-realization, where new attempts to reveal human creative potential emerge. Despite the diversity of approaches, postmodern philosophy demonstrates that the idea capable of uniting humanity lies in the aspiration toward a full existence of the individual as a self-sufficient being. Such understanding of personality, experience, and uniqueness creates more favorable conditions for the formation and realization of one’s own concept of the "self-made man".
Skovoroda on Human Nature SUB SPECIE AETERNITATIS
(Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Dnipro, 2026) Malivskyi, Anatolii M.; Zahriichuk, Ivan D.
ENG: Purpose. The objective is to reconstruct the core tenets of Skovoroda’s "philosophy of the heart" as an anthropological project responding to the call of eternity. Fulfilling this aim requires clarifying his attitude toward the values and meanings of the technogenic civilization whose emergence he witnessed. Theoretical basis. The research is grounded in the conceptual tenets of existentialism and philosophical anthropology. Originality. The research establishes the ambivalent nature of Skovoroda’s philosophical heritage, which synthesizes the temporal demands of his era with the call of eternity, granting unconditional priority to the latter in the thinker’s writings. Distinct from his contemporaries, Skovoroda bases his worldview on religion rather than science, transcending the linear historical-philosophical frameworks prevalent in his time. In identifying the modern relevance of Skovoroda’s "philosophy of the heart", the authors propose that his anthropological project serves as its most concentrated conceptual representation. The philosopher identifies the root causes of the crisis of modern man as the overestimation of science and the resulting nihilism toward religion as a vehicle for the human spiritual principle. Consequently, Skovoroda outlines three prerequisites for overcoming human degradation: (a) limiting the ambitions of science, (b) rehabilitating religion and its personal, existential dimension, and (c) consciously restricting bodily desires (asceticism). The interpretation of the anthropological project chosen by the philosopher largely serves as a form of Skovoroda’s constructive overcoming of (a) those temptations of relativism and reductionism to which his contemporaries succumbed, and (b) an intensified development of a hierarchical model of humanity in which a prominent place is occupied by spirituality. Conclusions. In examining the contemporary relevance of Skovoroda’s "philosophy of the heart", the authors suggest considering the ambivalence of his foundational project and the dominance within his doctrine of a response to the call of eternity regarding human values and meanings. The Ukrainian thinker identifies the primary flaw of his contemporary culture as the naive reception of the First Scientific Revolution and the disregard for the pivotal significance of ethics as the most essential science. Analysing Skovoroda’s "philosophy of the heart" as a doctrine on the factors of the human crisis, the study shows that he draws upon earlier philosophical traditions and turns to the idea of self-knowledge. Like his great predecessors, he equates the mode of existence of the majority of people with sleep, where the latter serves as a synonym for blindness toward the needs of the human spirit (the vertical axis of the human spirit). It is proposed to evaluate Skovoroda’s teaching as a constructive framework for overcoming the human crisis brought about by the overestimation of the natural sciences.