Людина як культурний артефакт

UKR: Розглядається проблема співвідношення природного і культурного факторів у формуванні людини. Природа виробляє культуру, яка змінює природу. Культура постає як продовження природних можливостей людини. Людина формується культурою і сама є свого роду культурним артефактом. Культурне середовище формує мислення, ідеали і світогляд людини, визначає її ідентичність та є основою для розвитку особистості. Але культура як надприродний спосіб діяльності не виключає її єдності з природою та не знімає необхідності врахування природних факторів у формуванні людини.

ENG: This paper examines the problem of the correlation between natural and cultural factors in the formation of the human being. The content of the concepts of “nature,” “essence,” and “image” of the human is analyzed. These terms have not acquired a distinct definition and are, to varying degrees, metaphorical in nature. The views of L. Stevenson, K. Lorenz, K. Popper, E. Cassirer, C. Geertz, E. Hall, G. Hofstede, and others on human nature are analyzed. The study considers the correlation between natural (human biological distinctiveness) and cultural factors in shaping the image of the human in philosophy and cultural studies. The role of corporeality as an anthropological and sociocultural factor is demonstrated. Nature and culture are interconnected; culture emerges from nature and acts as an extension of nature. Culture appears as an extension of human natural capabilities. This issue is gaining particular importance today, given the growing influence of transhumanist ideas, the development of technology, genetic engineering, and artificial intelligence. The semiotic nature of culture is revealed, and the mechanisms of forming the human as a cultural artifact are examined. Human appropriation and comprehension of reality are mediated in nature. The human being is shaped by culture; culture acts as a sign system through the prism of which the human perceives reality. In semiotic terms, culture appears as a system of signs and symbols that constitute a kind of program, patterns of human life practices. Through semiotic space, culture models human consciousness and the perception of the world. In their actions and life path, humans implement prescribed cultural behavioral programs, often without even realizing it. Culture is always repressive, and the repressiveness of culture is determined, primarily, by the repressiveness of the symbolic. However, culture as a supra-natural mode of activity does not exclude its unity with nature and does not eliminate the need to consider natural factors in human formation. Furthermore, the fact that technology, in the broad sense of the word, increasingly influences human biological nature speaks to the inseparability of nature and culture.