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The Advisability of Using Dual Gauge for Expansion of the International Traffic
(Printing House “Technologija”, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2020) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Husak, Marina ; Hmelevska, Nelya
ENG: The possibilities of railway transport for the organization of transportation between the countries are not used to the full extent, since there are a number of technical reasons. The usage of dual gauge (1435/1520 mm) is one of the solutions. As an example of using dual gauge is the international project "Rail Baltica", Lviv railway and etc.
Comparative Analysis of Calculation Results of Supporting Structure of Soil-Cement Piles
(Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, 2019) Pshinko, Oleksandr M.; Petrenko, Volodymyr D.; Tiutkin, Oleksii L.; Andrieiev, Volodymyr S.; Hubar, Oleksіy V.; Ihnatenko, Dmytro Yu.; Markul, Ruslan V.
ENG: Abstract. The article presents the results of comparison of the stress-strain state of 4 models of a retaining wall structure of soil-cement piles on a landslide-prone slope. This study compares the changes in the stress distribution and displacements in the model elements of the retaining structure of soil-cement piles depending on the design parameters and the method of piles location in the body of the soil mass. The comparison of models of supporting structures of soil-cement piles on a landslide-prone slope allowed obtaining: –the comparative analysis of the quality work of individual elements of the supporting structure for strength and deformation in a three-dimensional representation; –the comparative assessment of the performance of the supporting structure of soil-cement piles on a landslide-prone slope; – histograms of dependences of changes in the angle of piles inclination to the vertical axis of their holding force, strength and deformation of the slope;
Computer Simulation of Dead-End Mine Working Ventilation
(Dnipro National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, 2019) Biliaieva, Viktoriia V.; Kirichenko, Pavlo S.; Gunko, Olena Y.; Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Mashykhina, Polina B.; Yakubovska, Zinaida M.
ENG: Purpose. The important problem in the field of ecological safety and industrial safety is providing of normal microclimate in dead-end mine working. In these regions of the mine methane gas can be accumulated and as a result explosion may take place. So, to avoid these accidents it is important to ventilate appropriately dead-end mine working. The purpose of the work is development of quick computing mathematical model to obtain information about dead-end mine working ventilation process. Methodology. The process of dead-end mine working ventilation computing is separated in two stages. At the first stage the velocity flow field is computed in the dead-end mine working. We consider the situation when the suction tube is situated in this region. To solve this problem the fluid dynamics model of inviscid gas flow was used. At the second stage of the computational modeling the convective-diffusive equation of admixture transfer was used. The equation takes into account non-uniform flow field in the dead end mine workings. Findings. The developed numerical model was coded using FORTRAN language. The developed computer code allows to perform numerical experiment to assess the efficiency of suction tube imple-mentation to decrease methane gas concentration in dead-end mine working. Originality. The developed numerical model takes into account physical factors, which are not considered nowadays in the empirical models, which are used for solving the problems of dead-end mine working ventilation. It allows taking into account the geometrical form of the dead-end mine working. Practical value. The developed computer program allows to perform calculations to assess the efficiency of suction system used for the ventilation of the dead-end mine working.
Determination of Load for Quasi-Static Calculations of Railway Track Stress-Strain State
(Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary, 2016) Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: When calculating the railway track stress-strain state one usually assumes that total strains are brought immediately from applied load and the process dynamics is taken into account by the respective levels of design force. The dynamic component of the design force depends on various factors that are not always taken into account to the full. The analytical analysis of the calculation methods and the experiment testing data resulted in the following recommendations: for freight trains, especially in the conditions of soft rail support, it is advisable to take into account the effect of adjacent wheels; for modern passenger cars there is no significant load dependence on speed, and the main factor of dynamic component is the track fluctuations.
Development of Algorithm for Calculating Dynamic Processes of Railroad Track Deformability Work
(РС ТЕСHNOLOGY СЕNTЕR, KHARKIV, 2016) Bondarenko, Iryna O.
ENG: Thus, our research demonstrated the possibility of directed regulation of the process of deformability of a railroad track by changing the characteristics of materials and design of the elements of a railroad track.The algorithm presented complements the research on modeling for the purpose of establishing assessment of conditions of functional safety of a railroad track. Based on the developed algorithm, further studies may be conducted for determining the mechanical performance of elements of the track and the track design itself from the influence of the rolling stock for the purpose of evaluating and predicting the terms of operation of the elements and design of the track.
Development of the Procedure for Verifying the Feasibility of Designing an Active Suspension System for Transport Carriages
(НВП ПП «Технологічний Центр», Харьків, 2018) Ershova, N.; Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Shibko, O.; Velmagina, N.
ENG: We have proposed techniques using which made it possible to solve a nonlinear algebraic Riccati equation for dynamic systems with degrees of freedom. A constraint was imposed on the structure of a designed railroad carriage. We employed, as an analogue, a symmetrical carriage whose suspension system contains elastic-dissipative links with linear characteristics. This allowed us to devise a procedure for designing a suspension system for a railroad carriage. The criterion when choosing the weight coefficients of quality was the requirement to ensure comfortable conditions for passengers and a locomotive crew. Therefore, the system must experience an oscillatory process with small amplitudes; the frequency of natural oscillations of the body should not exceed 2 Hz. We have performed decomposition of the dynamic programming method for continuous stochastic systems, which made it possible to develop a procedure for a phased suspension system design. The procedure is suitable for use when designing suspensions for carriages running at regular and high-speed speed. The first stage implies designing a passive suspension system. The second stage involves a validation of the feasibility of designing devices to control parameters of the elastic-dissipative links in a suspension system of transport carriages using the optimal Kalman-Bucy filters. The modeling proved that control over parameters of elastic-dissipative links improves the dynamics of transport carriages. Damping control alone could reduce the body's center of mass acceleration by more than two times and hence decrease dynamic loads in the system. The Kalman-Bucy algorithm makes it possible to obtain optimal parameters of the elastic-dissipative links in a suspension system in complex dynamic systems. The procedure could be used independently and as part of the technique for a phased design of the suspension system. The procedure was demonstrated using test examples. The procedure is implemented in the simulation system. Control over parameters of the elastic-dissipative links in a suspension system of transport carriages would make it possible, first, to create comfortable working conditions for a locomotive crew and passengers, second, to improve operation reliability and motion safety of rolling stock by reducing dynamic loads.
Dynamic Track Irregularities Modeling when Studying Rolling Stock Dynamics
(Kaunas Univ. of Technology, Lithuania, 2019) Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Lunys, O.; Neduzha, Larysa O.; Keršys, Robertas
ENG: Abstract The main purpose of this work is to study the process of transferring forces in the interaction of the rolling stock and the railway track in time. It was considered the wheel set movement on a straight track section without taking into account the rolling stock movements in the horizontal plane caused by the wheel conicity. And it was obtained the dynamic track irregularities depending on the rolling stock speed in the cross section of the railway track when a single force passes over it. Using the wave properties during the force propagation in the trackform elements is allowed to determine the time response of the elements to the force action. First, it allowed to take into account the influence of the state of the trackform elements on the work of the trackform itself and to obtain dynamic track irregularities that take into account both the length inhomogeneity and the depth anisotropy of the trackform. Secondly, it allowed to determine the change in strain in the trackform elements in time.
The Effectiveness Evaluation of International Railway Transportation in the Direction of “Ukraine – European Union”
(Kaunas University of Technology, 2018) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: The paper presents results of a study concerning the development of railway transit traffic in international transport. It identifies problematic issues at the border crossing in the direction of "Ukraine–European Union" and ways to eliminate them. During the research methods of analysis and synthesis were used to study statistical materials and the main provisions of scientific papers about the state and prospects for the development of European and domestic systems of inter-national railway transportation. In order to predict the volume of international transportation, the experience of creating, operating and optimizing systems including international transport corridors, rolling stock and border station technology at the rail gauge joint of different standards (1435/1520 mm) are taken into account.
Establishment of the Permissible Train Speed on the Curved Turnouts
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2016) Patlasov, Oleksandr M.; Tokariev, Serhii O.; Patlasov, Yevhen O.
ENG: Purpose. Turnouts play a key role in the railway transportation process. One-sided and many-sided curved turnouts were railed over the last 20 years in difficult conditions (curved sections, yard necks). They have a number of geometric features, unlike the conventional one-sided turnouts. Today the normative documents prohibit laying such turnouts in curved track sections and only partially regulate the assessment procedure of their real condition. The question of establishment the permissible train speed within the curved turnouts is still open. In this regard, authors propose to set the train speed according to the driving comfort criterion using the results of field measurements of ordinates from the baseline for the particular curved turnout. Methodology. The article considers the criteria using which one can set the permissible speed on the turnouts. It defines the complexity of their application, advantages and disadvantages. Findings. The work analyzes the speed distribution along the length of the real curved turnout for the forward and lateral directions. It establishes the change rate values of unbalanced accelerations for the existing norms of the curved track sections maintenance according to the difference in the adjacent bend versine at speeds up to 160 km/h. Originality. A method for establishing the trains’ speed limit within the curved turnouts was developed. It takes into account the actual geometric position in the plan of forward and lateral turnout directions. This approach makes it possible to establish a barrier places in plan on the turnouts limiting the train speed. Practical value. The proposed method makes it possible to objectively assess and set the trains’ permissible speed on the basis of the ordinate measurement of the forward and lateral directions of the curved turnouts from the baseline using the driving comfort criteria. The method was tested using real turnouts, which are located within the Pridneprovsk Railway.
Features of Perception of Loading Elements of the Railway Track at High Speeds of the Movement
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2015) Kurhan, Dmytro
EN: Purpose. Increase the train speeds movements requires not only the appropriate technical solutions, but also methodological-calculated. Most of the models and methodologies used for solving problems of stress-strain state of the railroad tracks, are based on assumptions and hypotheses adequate only for certain speeds. In the framework of this work will be discussed theoretical background of the changing nature of perceptual load elements of the railway track at high speeds and investigated the numeric parameters of the processes by means of mathematical modeling. As a practical purposes is expected to provide the levels of train speed, the boundaries of which can reasonably exclude the possibility of occurrence of the considered effects. Methodology. To achieve these objectives was used principal new model of railway track based on wave propagation theory stresses in the elastic system to study the impact of the movable load, take into account that the deflection in a particular section of the road starts even while the wheels at some distance, and moving the wheels farther from the selected section of the wave front elastic strain continues to spread. According to the results of simulations explores the changing shape of the wave front voltages in time for the foundation under the rail. If the train speeds substantially less than the velocity propagation of elastic waves, the wheel remains in the area implemented deformations. Findings. Alternative calculations for various parameters of the railway track (especially for different soil conditions) determined the levels of train speed, the boundaries of which can reasonably exclude the possibility of occurrence of the considered effects. Originality. The proposed theoretical study and implementation in the form of mathematical models for processes that occur in the perception of load elements of the railway track at high speeds. Practical value. According to simulation results obtained levels of speeds, which define the appearance of the considered dynamic effects in the base under the rail, can be used to justify path construction or establishment of appropriate values of allowable velocities for the implementation of traffic at high speeds.
Features of the Nonlinear Calculation of the Stress-Strain State of the "Rock Massif–Excavation Support" System Taking into Account Destruction
(Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2019) Shashenko, Oleksandr; Shapoval, Volodymyr; Khalymendyk, Oleksii; Andrieiev, Volodymyr S.; Arbuzov, Maxim; Hubar, Oleksіy V.; Markul, Ruslan V.
ENG: The algorithm for estimating the reliability of the results of the calculation of the stress-strain state of the “rock massif-excavation support” system, taking into account the non-linear relationship between stresses and strains, as well as the destruction of the rock, is presented. In the course of a numerical experiment, it was shown that to determine the reliability of the calculation results, it is enough to find the relative error between the maximum efforts in the lining and then the extremum (more precisely, the maximum) of the “relative error – depth of the excavation center”.
Forecasting of Passenger Traffic upon Implementation of High-Speed Running
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2017) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: Purpose. Forecasting of passenger traffic flows in the future is an essential and integral part of the complex process of designing of high-speed network (HSN). HSN direction and its parameters are determined by the volume of passenger traffic, the estimated value of which depends on the economic performance of the country, as well as the material status of citizens living in HSN concentration area, transport mobility of population, development of competing modes of transport and so on. The purpose of this work is to analyse the existing methods of passenger traffic forecasting, to evaluate errors of the existing models concerning determination of traffic volumes and to specify the scientific approach to the development of high-speed rail transport in Ukraine. Methodology. The existing forecasting methods are reduced to the following ones: Delphi approach, extrapolation method, factor and correlation analysis, simulation method. The method described in this paper is based on scientific approaches such as analysis – a comprehensive and detailed study of various aspects of the known forecasting methods, comparing of existing methods for establishing differences and similarities, as well as deduction – use of general knowledge to get the new particular one. Thus, the unified indicators determined for the country as a whole, such as gross domestic product, national income, total population and others cannot be used to forecast the traffic flow on specific areas of HSN construction. Therefore, it is necessary to move from the overall forecast to traffic volume forecast on particular direction. Findings. The conclusions are derived from the analysis of different approaches and methods of passenger flow forecasting. It is proposed to create typical techniques of traffic flow forecasting using modern mathematical methods that would allow avoiding unreasonable decisions and shortening project development time. The resulting recommendations will help in the efficiency of design decisions, as well as will determine the quality of the project in whole and the feasibility of its implementation in particular. Originality. The scientific approaches to forecasting the passenger traffic volume in HSN agglomeration area were further developed. The HSN feasibility study criteria system was updated; this system takes into account passenger transit flows through Ukraine, the population of the cities covered by the high-speed network, mobility of population and other factors. Practical value. The data obtained by authors can be used to justify the concept of highspeed rail transport development in Ukraine, to create a high-speed network and to phase HSN construction.
Formation of Estimated Conditions for Life Cycle of Deformation Work of the Railway Track
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2015) Bondarenko, Iryna O.
ENG: Purpose. The purpose of this research is to substantiate the technical limits of the railway track (under reliability status) for the formation the regulatory framework for reliability and functional safety of the railway track in Ukraine. Methodology. In order to achieve the goal of research analysis methods of the technical states of elements and trackforms that are typical of operation conditions of the railways in Ukraine were used. Findings. Technical states accordance of elements and trackforms to reliability status under existing regulations was defined. These conditions are based on the track assessments in accordance with the dimensional tape results. The status of each element of the track design affects its deformation work, but the rules are still absent that would connect state of track elements with the state of the track by estimation of the dimensional tape. The reasons on which the limits are not set were established. It was found out which researches are necessary to conduct for their installation. Originality. The classification of the reliability state of a railway track for permitted deviation at the track laying and maintenance was developed. The regulation importance the technical states of ballast section and subgrade for the developed classification was established. Practical value. Ukrzaliznytsia (UZ) is a founding member of the Council for Railway Transport of the Commonwealth. This body issued interstate standard State Standard 32192-2013 «Reliability of railway equipment. Basic concepts, terms and definitions». On this basis developed a new interstate standard «Security functional of railway equipment. Terms and definitions». At the same time UZ is a member of the cooperation of railways in International Union of Railway Transport where rules with reliable and safe operation of railways are established in all transport branches. This study will help implement these standards on the railways of Ukraine, improve the efficiency of the information in this sphere, providing mutual understanding and unity of presentation and perception of information, including contractual legal relations of economic agents with public authorities in international scientific and technical, trade and economic relations.
Impact of Cars with 25 TF/Axle Load on the Track Condition
(Дніпровський національний університет залізничного транспорту ім. В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2019) Patlasov, Oleksandr M.; Fedorenko, Yelyzaveta M.
EN: Purpose. The research is aimed at determining changes in the state of the geometrical parameters of the railway track, depending on the passing tonnage in dynamic interaction with the 25 tf/axle load rolling stock. Methodology. For data acquisition, the authors carried out a statistical analysis of the indicators of digital measure-ments of the track condition by KVL-P track-measuring cars. Using the program of calculating the meansquare deviation of the geometric parameters of the track, the deviation of the track parameters within the test sections was estimated. Findings. During the observation period it was found that on average the intensity of track strain accumulation increases. However, according to the results of the factor dispersion analysis with 0.95 probability, it is impossible to unequivocally state the impact of the factor of using the cars with an axial load of up to 25 tf/axle on the deterioration of the track condition parameters. Herewith it should be noted that the share of cargo carried in the cars with axial load of up to 25 tf/axle during the observation period was less than one per cent. According to the values of the meansquare deviation, the state of the geometrical parameters of the track and their predicted changes were estimated, which showed that the increased axial load will lead to decreased life of the rails, which are the most expensive elements of the track structure, shortened service life of the railroad switches and increased labor costs for workers involved in track repair and maintenance. The corresponding reduction of inter-repair periods, which corresponds to the standards, is projected. In order for heavy-duty wagons not to destroy the infrastructure, there must be at least two limitations: by the types of goods transported and by the speed of movement. Originality. The authors conducted a study to assess the impact of cars with 25 tf/axle load on the state of the geometric parameters of the railway track and proposed solutions to the issue of introducing the 25 tf/axle load rolling stock in Ukraine. Practical value. On the basis of the obtained results it is possible to estimate the impact of the axial load on the intensity of the track condition changes and to predict the reduction of inter-repair periods in connection with the track deterioration and in accordance with the train speed restriction.
Impact of The Variable Stiffness Section on The Conditions of Track and Rolling Stock Interaction
(IOP Publishing Ltd., 2020) Kurhan, Dmytro ; Kurhan, Mykola ; Husak, Marina
ENG: Railway track stiffness is one of the main parameters that determine the track and rolling stock interaction. The inelasticity of the rail base may occur for two reasons: either as a consequence of the deteriorated condition of a track or due to the structural features of a section. As a rule, areas before bridges or tunnels are treated. Today, there are several options for relevant design solutions. The main purpose of this work is to determine the characteristics of a "railway track" object with which it can be represented in the rolling stock models in the simplest way possible but adequate for sections of transient stiffness. The railway track is introduced into the rolling stock model as a sequence of elements with which the wheels of the rolling stock interact. It is assumed that a single element in its characteristics must be equivalent to the track response when passing the wheel from one inter-sleeper section to the next one, that is, to reproduce a sequence that is cyclically repeated. Such a track element will be characterized by reduced mass, stiffness and dissipation factor.
Improvement of The Railway Track Efficiency by Minimizing the Rail Wear in Curves
(IOP Publishing Ltd., 2020) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Novik, R.; Baydak, Sergii; Hmelevska, Nelya
ENG: The article presents the analysis results for the parameters measurements of the rail track and the ratio between values of the vertical and side wears of rails in curves of different radii under different operating conditions. It is shown that the installed elevations of the outer rail do not meet the contemporary requirements in increasing the efficiency of the track while minimizing the rail wear. At the second stage of the research, various sections were examined by type of traction, technical equipment, plan parameters and the longitudinal profile. As an example, the results of calculations are presented in Lviv-Rava-Ruska section as a promising project that can ensure the integration of railway transport in Lviv-Warsaw direction. Analysis of the results obtained with the help of the software package – MoveRW and RWPlan programmes, allowed to determine such a combination of elevations of the outer rail in curves, so that trains of different categories realize the lowest values of cross unbalanced accelerations, which provide the minimum wear of rails in compliance with regulatory requirements for unbalanced acceleration, changing this acceleration in time, elevating speed of a wheel on the removal of the outer rail.
Improving the Safety of Railway Subgrade When it is Strengthened Using Soil-Cement Elements
(Dnipro National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, 2019) Krysan, Vitalii; Krysan, Volodymyr; Petrenko, Volodymyr D.; Tiutkin, Oleksii L.; Andrieiev, Volodymyr S.
ENG: Abstract. The article identifies the main parameters of the drilling-mixing technology, which is the most effective in fixing weak soil bases during the construction and restoration of transport, industrial and civil structures. The difference of the technology developed by the authors is that the strengthening process is carried out at low pressure (0.15 ... 0.25 MPa). The relevance of the research is that the proposed technology requires less cost with high rates of restoring the strength of soil foundations. To prove the high quality of the technology, laboratory studies were carried out to determine the optimal characteristics of the soil-cement element, as well as the proportions and composition of the fixing solution. The dependences of the strength of soil-cement elements in the air-dry condition with cement content from 7% to 23% with water-cement ratio in solution 1 / 0.3 and with cement content from 13% to 37.5% with water-cement ratio in solution 1/0,6. During the experimental-industrial studies of the author's technology, the embankment was constructed with the soil-cement-reinforced elements for the access road approaches at one of the facilities in Kirovograd region, which ensured safety in the operation of a complex transport structure.
Die Instandhaltung der Bettung
(Železniční Dopravní Cesta 2011.VOŠ a SPŠ stavební, 2011) Sysyn, Mykola P.; Rybkin, Viktor V.; Nabochenko, Olga S.; Gerber, Ulf
DE: Bei der Auslegung der Gleiskonstruktion oder der Festlegung der Betriebsbelastung wird bei der ukrainischen Eisenbahn die Leistungsfähigkeit der Schotterschicht durch einen Vergleich der berechneten und zulässigen Spannungen im Schotter bestimmt. Die zulässigen Spannungen werden nach der jährlichen Verkehrsbelastung und den Fahrzeugtypen unterschieden und erreichen Werte im Bereich von 0,15 bis 0,5 MPa (ЦП117) [1]. Derzeit wird jedoch immer offensichtlicher, dass die Übertragung des Kriteriums der zulässigen Spannungen auf den Schotter analog zu den anderen Bestandteilen des Oberbaus zu unakzeptablen Ergebnissen fuhrt. Der Hauptgrund hierfür ist die unscharfe Grenze zwischen einem arbeitsfähigen und nicht arbeitsfähigen Schotterzustand, welcher im Verlaufe der Lebensdauer einer ständigen Veränderung unterzogen ist. Ein weiterer Grund ist die fehlende Berücksichtigung der Instandhaltung auf die Lebensdauer der Schotterschicht. Darüber hinaus gibt es eine Reihe weiterer Faktoren, ohne deren Kenntnis die Beurteilung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Schotters schwierig ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung besteht in der Optimierung der zulässigen vertikalen Gleislagefehler zur Minimierung der Stopfintervalle und damit der Minimierung der Schotterkosten überhaupt. Dabei wird Anfangsqualität des Fahrweges berücksichtigt. Diese wiederum ist vom Ungleichförmigkeitsgrad des Unterbaus und der Verdichtungsqualität der Bettungsschicht abhängig.
The Intensity of Rail Failure Flow
(Dnipro National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, 2019) Patlasov, Oleksandr M.; Fedorenko, Yelizaveta M.
EN: Abstract. The article reveals the quantitative changes in the intensity of failure accumulations in areas with gradual introduction of high axial loads. To obtain the actual values, the authors received threedimensional array of intensity of rail failure flow. According to the results of the research, it was discovered that the main cause of failure of the rails are the defects in the main contact-fatigue origin. The main factor that impacts the intensity of the rail failure flow is the number of transmitted tonnage. The size of the axial load and curvature of the line pours weight on this process. The proposed rail failure model is a model that can be used to optimize the track maintenance system. The authors conducted a study on the identification of quantitative changes in the intensity of accumulation of track failures in areas with high axial loads and evaluated their influence on the planning of repair and road works. On the basis of the obtained results it is possible to estimate the effect of the axial load on the intensity of changes in the state of the flow rail failure flows.
Interaction Between Rolling Stock and Railway Track with of the Elastic Properties of the Base
(Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering Industry, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2018) Myamlin, Sergey V.; Bondarenko, Iryna O.
ENG: The main trend in considering the interaction of the railway track and the rolling stock is the studying of the parameters of the rigidity of the interaction. For the study, a model of the track design, described using the basic concepts of the theory of elasticity and the propagation of elastic waves was developed. The study of the peculiarities of the interaction of the rolling stock and the track, taking into account the elastic properties of the base, allows to expand the possibilities of solving the problems of ensuring their functionally safe operation with a certain level of operational efficiency.
Investigation of KPP-5 Rail Fastener Elastic Deformation
(Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia, 2018) Marcul, Ruslan V.; Nastechik, Nicolai P.; Kovalchuk, Vitalii V.; Hnativ, Yuriy M.
EN: For a long period of operation, a number of shortcomings have been identified in KPP-5 fastener that is mainly due to an intensive decrease of pressing force of the rail on leepers. This leads to the appearance of frequent cases of track displacement and fastening elements failure. To verify such hypothesis, the process of power work of KPP-5 fastener during railway track operation was researched. The technique and practical means of controlling the power work of KPP-5 fastener are developed. The influence of various factors of the rail pressing force on the sleeper is determined. The main influence is conditioned by under-rail wear (50.4%). The obtained results made it possible to formulate recommendations for the improvement of KPP-5 fastener where the methodology and practical means of controlling the power work of KPP-5 fastener were proposed. At the same time, it allows increasing the reliability and safety of the rail track during the entire overhaul period.
Investigation of the Influence of the Rolling Stock Dynamics on the Intensity of Using the Railway Track Elements
(Дніпровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2019) Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Neduzha, Larysa O.
ENG: Purpose. The main purpose of this work is to research deformability parameters of the railway track under various operating conditions as the initial data for the formation of forced oscillations of rolling stock and the trackform use intensity. Methodology. For the research, an original model of the trackform, described with using the basic concepts of the theory of elasticity and the propagation of elastic waves was developed. Findings. It has been established that the ratio between the intensity of work of elements and the trackform, as criteria for deformability, can be used as the estimated parameters of the functionally safe operation of the track. It can be the basis for the classification of critical track states under which it had to perform work to restore its working capacity in order to ensure the required level of efficiency of use construction during the service life. Originality. Trackform and parameters of the elements of the track superstructure and substructure can be described using the railway tracks deformability behaviour. In the future this conclusion will help to increase the efficiency of the dynamic properties of rolling stock when designing and maintain in readiness the infrastructure while in operation. Practical value. Changes in the regulatory framework of rail transport in recent years provide for the observance of its functional safety, therefore, the question of the need to assess the impact of rolling stock on the way to be regarded as a dynamic process with consideration to the deformability resistance track. This research provides a basis for record of the stiffness of deformation that allows creating the regulatory framework for the functional safety of the railway track in Ukraine.
Investigation of the Operation of the Railway Track with Reinforced Concrete Sleepers in Curved Sections with Radius R ≤ 350 m
(Printing House “Technologija”, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2020) Markul, Ruslan V.; Hubar, Oleksіy V.; Arbuzov, Maxim; Andrieiev, Volodymyr S.; Tiutkin, Oleksii L.; Savyts’kyy, V.; Ganich, Ruslan Ph.
ENG: The article presents the results of the research on polygon extension for laying reinforced concrete sleepers under difficult conditions (R≤350 m, mountainous terrain) with ensuring safety traffic and reliable operation of the railway track. Changes in the geometry of the track in the plane with wooden sleepers and Д0 fastener as well as reinforced concrete sleepers with СКД65-Б fastener in the curve with the radius of 350 m were investigated. The results of the research allowed to obtain: - method and algorithm for determining the tapping section of the track gauge extension on reinforced concrete sleepers in curves with radius R ≤ 350 m; - comparative assessment of the track gauge change with the use of Д0 fastener (wooden sleepers) and СКД65-Б fastener (reinforced concrete sleepers) in curves with a radius R ≤ 350 m; - factors impact on the track gauge extension under difficult operating conditions; - empirical dependence of the process of the track gauge width change and the frequency of its adjustment in the cases of СКД65-Б fastener (reinforced concrete sleepers) and Д0 fastener (wooden sleepers) use in curves with radius R ≤ 350 m; - conclusions on the probability and feasibility of concrete sleepers use under mountainous terrain conditions, including difficult operating conditions (R ≤ 350 m).
K вопросу определения уравнения прогиба рельса для современных расчетов
(Дальневосточный государственный университет путей сообщения, Хабаровск, 2016) Курган, Дмитрий Николаевич
RUS: Приведенные теоретические исследования уравнения прогиба рейки, как базовый инструмент для многих современных расчетов напряженно-деформированного состояния железнодорожного пути. Предложенные методы учета динамики процесса, в том числе времени прогиба рейки и подрельсовой основы на базе волновой теории распространения упругих деформаций.
The Mathematical Support of Machine Surfacing for the Railway Track
(Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary, 2020) Kurhan, Dmytro ; Havrylov, Maksym
EN: The condition of a railway track is characterized by many indices, including its geometric shape, both in the horizontal and vertical planes. The purpose of this paper is to create a mathematical tool to ensure the operation of track machines for surfacing, tamping, and alignment, which are equipped with automation systems. The developed mathematical model will be integrated into the AS "Strela" software package which is currently installed on machines. Scientific approaches used in the mathematical model allowed to reduce the operation of machines in "window", to simplify the work of maintenance personnel, to create an information base of track parameters, to establish rational parameters of curves during surfacing.
The Measurement Methodology Improvement of the Horizontal Irregularities in Plan
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2015) Patlasov, Oleksandr M.; Tokariev, Serhii O.
EN: Purpose. Across the track superstructure (TSS) there are structures where standard approach to the decision on the future of their operation is not entirely correct or acceptable. In particular, it concerns the track sections which are sufficiently quickly change their geometric parameters: the radius of curvature, angle of rotation, and the like. As an example, such portions of TSS may include crossovers where their component is within the so-called connecting part, which at a sufficiently short length, substantially changes curvature. The estimation of the position in terms of a design on the basis of the existing technique (by the difference in the adjacent arrows bending) is virtually impossible. Therefore it is proposed to complement and improve the methodology for assessing the situation of the curve in plan upon difference in the adjacent versine. Methodology. The possible options for measuring horizontal curves in the plan were analyzed. The most adequate method, which does not contradict existing on the criterion of the possibility of using established standards was determined. The ease of measurement and calculation was took into account. Findings. Qualitative and quantitative verification of the proposed and existing methods showed very good agreement of the measurement results. This gives grounds to assert that this methodology can be recommended to the workers of track facilities in the assessment of horizontal irregularities in plan not only curves, but also within the connecting part of switch congresses. Originality. The existing method of valuation of the geometric position of the curves in the plan was improved. It does not create new regulations, and all results are evaluated by existing norms. Practical value. The proposed technique makes it possible, without creating a new regulatory framework, to be attached to existing one, and expanding the boundaries of its application. This method can be used not only for ordinary curves, but for very short sections, the curvature of which changes abruptly to its opposite value.
Modeling of Development Vertical Deformation of Railway Track
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2016) Kurhan, Dmytro
EN: Purpose. State of railway track must meet the conditions of safety, comfort and smooth ride. The presence of irregularities deteriorates the dynamics of interaction of track and rolling stock, causes speed limiting, creates the possibility of movement safety violation. This brings up the question concerning the study of the factors leading to the possibility of track irregularities and the process of their development. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the processes of emergence and development of irregularities in the area of unequal vertical elasticity of railway track using mathematical modelling. Methodology. Railroad under the trains works as the system of elastic bodies, so the emergence and development of irregularities can be represented as the transition from elastic to permanent strain. Irregularity development will affect the dynamics of interaction between track and rolling stock not only at the wheel location directly in the area of irregularity, but also at a certain distance beyond. Therefore, to study the development of irregularities, including those along the track, it is necessary to model the process of wheel load movement along the area. The adopted model consists of a wheel set moving on inertia-free beam and resting on individual supports. It is described by Lagrange differential equations. The work introduced the hypothesis that the level of permanent strain is distributed in proportion to the dynamic deflection derivative. Findings. Location of vertical longwise irregularity does not necessarily reproduce the location of the problem area. While in operation the vertical irregularity extends not only in depth but also along the track, herewith the increase in length is accompanied by the displacement of local maxima and the emergence of new ones. This leads to the development of socalled «pits» when approaching unequal-elastic areas. Originality. The work provides further development of tasks for track and rolling stock interaction modelling, in particular aimed to take into account the unequal elasticity areas and their influence on the formation of the track irregularities. The paper proposes new approaches to modelling the transition from elastic to permanent strain that allows predicting the development of track irregularity sizes depending on the area characteristics. Practical value. The results obtained by the author can be used to determine the schedule for track equal elasticity renovation works, as well as to analyse the measures aimed at the prevention of irregularities in areas with variable elasticity of railway track.
Modeling the Dynamic Response of Railway Track
(IOP Publishing, Kharkiv, 2019) Kurhan, Dmytro ; Kurhan, Mykola
ENG: The authors developed a model based on the dynamical theory of elasticity, which allows us to describe the dynamic equilibrium of strains of the railway track layers. The model of the stress-strain state for the railway track consists in a combination of the geometry equations of the outline of a part in the system’s space, involved into interaction at a given time and the equations of the dynamic equilibrium of its deformation. Considering the obligation to register the course of the process in time, for each time step of integration the outline of the strains propagations front is determined. The strains propagations front is described by the equations of propagation in the material of the elastic spatial wave of oscillations. It allows determining complete spatial-temporal account of the deflection dynamics of the rail support, which enables the execution of calculations, including for conditions of fast-speed and high-speed trains. With the application of the developed model, a number of scientific and practical problems were solved.
Numerical Modeling of Air Pollution From Dumps
(Дніпровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2019) Biliaiev, Mykola M.; Rusakova, Tetiana I.; Kalashnikov, I. V.; Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Gunko, Elena Yu.
ENG: Purpose. Rock dumps are long-term sources of air pollution. A significant amount of harmful substances enters the atmosphere. Particularly intense is the pollution of atmospheric air due to dusting dumps. An important task is the development of methods for predicting the dynamics of atmospheric air pollution during the emission of harmful impurities from dumps. When developing methods for predicting the dynamics of air pollution from dumps. It is very important to create a universal model that would allow on a single computing platform to calculate the process of atmospheric air pollution for various impurities that are released from dumps. Another important problem is the choice of the place for optimal placement of future dumps in order to minimize their negative impact on the environment. Methodology. Numerical modeling of the formation of atmospheric pollution zones near rock dumps is based on the application of the equation of turbulent dispersion of an impurity in the atmosphere. To solve the problem of choosing the rational location of the dumps, the conjugate equation is used. Numerical integration is carried out using an implicit difference scheme. Findings. Numerical models are developed. The first numerical model allows one to evaluate the effect of rock dumps on air pollution. The second numerical model allows, on the basis of a one-time calculation, to determine the rational location of the future dump from the point of view of its minimal impact on air pollution. Originality. Two numerical models are proposed that are based on the application of the turbulent diffusion equation and the conjugate equation. These models make it possible to quickly determine the effect of rock dumps on air pollution. The models take into account the convective transport of the pollutant, atmospheric turbulent diffusion, the intensity of the emission of impurities from the dump. Practical value. The developed numerical models are implemented in the form of program codes. These program codes can be used when performing serial calculations on computers of low and medium power, i.e. computer technology, which is available to organizations involved in environmental issues in technologically saturated regions. When carrying out calculations based on the constructed numerical models, typical initial data are used regarding the intensity of the emission of impurities from dumps, weather conditions characteristic of a specific region of the country.
Prediction of Atmosphere Pollution in Case of Emissions From Main Mine Fans
(Dnipro National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, 2019) Biliaiev, Mykola M.; Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Rusakova, Tetiana I.; Shynkarenko, Viktor I.; Gabrіnets, Volodymyr O.
ENG: Purpose. Emissions from mine ventilation system can create intensive atmosphere air pollution. As a rule, a huge amount of dust from mine fan enters atmosphere low layers. An important task is the development of methods to assess levels of the atmosphere pollution near mines and settlements. To solve this problem it is important to have physically proved mathematical models. Nowadays to predict the atmosphere pollution near settlements which are effected by mine fan the empirical model OND–86 is used. This model does not take into account many important physical factors. So, the purpose of this study is the development of quick computing mathematical model to predict the atmosphere pollution in case of dust emissions from mine fan. Methodology. To predict levels of the atmosphere pollution in case of mine fan work 3D equation of dust convective – diffusive flow was used. This equation takes into account gravity fallout, wind velocity, atmosphere turbulent diffusion, location of dust emission source. To sole modeling equation the implicit difference scheme of splitting was used. Findings. Developed mathematical model allows quick prediction of the level of atmosphere pollution in case of dust emissions from mine ventilation fan. The models allow to obtain zones of contamination near settlements which are situated in vicinity of mine. Originality. The developed mathematical model takes into account a number of physical factors, which at the present time are not considered on the days when prediction of the atmosphere pollution in settlements near mine is carried out. Practical value. On the basis of the developed mathematical model program code was created. This code can be used for evaluation of atmosphere pollution in settlements which are effected mine fan emissions.
The Problem of a Lack of Material Behaviour Data For Risk Assessment
(Дніпровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2020) Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Nеduzha, Larysa O.
ENG: Purpose. The main purpose of this work is to provide theoretical support for the need to expand data on changes in the material behaviour under dynamic loads when railway track risk assessment over time due to railway track elements deformability. Methodology. For the research, an original model of railway track design described using the original method based on the ability of elastic waves to propagate energy of power pulses in space and time, as well as a model describing materials as discrete substances were used. Findings. It has been established that the properties of the material affect the deformability of the elements and the design of the railway track; the main parameter in the study of deformability processes is time; material, as a substance, consists of atoms and molecules, and therefore is not continuous; internal physical processes determine changes in the behaviour of the material of an element. Originality. It has been proposed to develop classifications of changes in the physical properties of materi-als according to the probability of irreversible deformations and the impossibility of deformations, as well as classi-fications of changes in the mechanical properties of materials according to the probability of the defect appearance and changing the material structure. Practical value. The ability to simulate analytically any physical processes occurring inside elements due to the proposed method allows combining the influence of mechanical and physical effects into a single calculation. This enables to assess the probability of appearing defects in elements under certain dynamic loads when assessing the railway track risk over time due to railway track elements deformability.
Problems of Providing International Railway Transport
(Український державний університет залізничного транспорту, Харків, 2018) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: Due to its geographic location and developed transport infrastructure, Ukraine has a significant potential in the development of cargo transportation, primarily in international traffic, in particular as a transistor country in the logistics chain of trade between Asia and Europe. The possibilities of railway transport for the organization of transportation between the countries of the European Union and Ukraine are not used to the full extent, since there is a number of technical reasons of the transport systems incompatibility between Ukraine and European countries. In the course of the research, methods of analysis and synthesis were used to study prospects of the European and domestic system of international railway transportations, the experience of creating, operating and optimizing these systems. To compare the above mentioned options, the authors developed a model for predicting and assessing the efficiency of railway transport from the border of one state to the border of the other one.
Prospects for Laying the Fastening of the Type СКД65–Б in the Curvesd Track Sections with Small Radius
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2016) Nastechyk, Mykola P.; Nastechik, Nicolai P.; Marcul, Ruslan V.
EN: Purpose. To date, there is a tendency concerning complete transition of main tracks to concrete sleepers. The reason for this is the lack of wooden sleepers, their high cost and low lifetime that in the curved track sections with the radius R≤300 m is only 5-7 years (this is 5 times less than the lifetime of concrete sleepers). After introduction of fastening type СКД65-Б it is possible to smoothly expand the track from 0 mm to 14 mm, and to narrow from 0 mm to 28 mm with a step 1 mm. At the increased train load on the track of 75…130 kN in a horizontal plane, which is characteristic for the curved track sections R≤300 m the violations in terms of track geometry often take place. It results in the frequent surfacings, periodicity of which at the fastening type СКД65-Б is absent for today. Therefore the purpose of the article is the development of recommendations concerning maintenance of the track in a plan with the fastening type СКД65-Б. Methodology. The methodology of research is based on the comparative estimation of influence of the track width change dynamics on the periodicity of surfacing in the plan in the case of the use of fastening type ДО and СКД65-Б. Findings. With the help of the developed research methodology it was established that the first implementation of adjusting the track width at fastening type ДО is necessary to be executed on the 14th month and at the fastening type СКД65-Б on the 28th month of operation. Originality. It was first described and expressed using the empiric dependence the process of the track width change, and periodicity of its adjusting in the case of the fastening type СКД65-Б use. Practical value. The developed recommendations will allow in time to execute adjusting of the track width at fastening type СКД65-Б and ensuring the safety of train motion at the same time.
Providing the Railway Transit Traffic Ukraine–European Union
(Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2019) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: The authors developed a model for predicting and assessing the efficiency of railway transport from the border of one state to the border of the other one, taking into account all expenditures by the net present value indicator net present value of discounted cash flow. The results allows planning measures to accelerate the cargo delivery, both on the territory of Ukraine, and during the transfer of cargoes at border stations, to predict the revenue generation from the implementation of international transportation, which is very important for attracting investments.
Railway Track Representation in Mathematical Model of Vehicles Movement
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2017) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: Purpose. The tasks of modeling the interaction of track and rolling stock are basic ones for most areas of modern scientific research of railway transport. The compilation of the model by the principle of Lagrange d'Alembert has found a very wide application for solving the problems of rolling stock dynamics. Representation of the railway track in the model of vehicle movement can be implemented in several ways, which, among other things, will differ in detail. The purpose of this work is to create a methodology for representing the railway track in mathematical models of interaction with rolling stock and obtaining practical results for different characteristics and design of the track and the level of maximum speed. Methodology. The problem consists of determining such track characteristics as the reduced mass, the stiffness coefficient, and the dissipation coefficient. As a tool for solving this problem we used the model of the stress-strain behavior of the railway track based on the joint use of the elastic wave propagation equations to describe the topography of the part of the system that is involved in the interaction at a given time and the equations of dynamic equilibrium of its deformation. This makes it possible to take into account the dynamics of the deflection of the underrail base, which is especially important for the conditions of passenger traffic, which can be carried out at high speed. Findings. The authors obtained theoretically justified stiffness and dissipation coefficients of the railway track for calculating the dynamics of rolling stock in modern models based on systems of equations in accordance with the Lagrange d'Alembert principle. The established values, in contrast to those given in other sources, have a reasonable dependence on the track design and the speed of movement. Originality. The authors expanded the approaches of railroad track representation in models of rolling stock described by systems of equations by the Lagrange-d'Alembert principle. The paper presents the developed method for determining the characteristics of the railway track for such models is based on the results of variant calculations of the dynamic deflection of the rail from the passage of the wheel. Practical value. The authors obtained the values of the stiffness and dissipation coefficients of the railway track depending on the design and speed of motion for practical use in appropriate models of interaction between track and rolling stock.
Rationale of Priority Areas of Rail Operation in North-Eastern Europe
(Kaunas Univ. of Technology, Palanga, Lithuania, 2019) Kurhan, Mykola ; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Černiauskaite, L.
ENG: Abstract. The methodology for assessing the importance of railway routes by generalized ratings reduced to the geometric a criterion has been further developed. The results were obtained for the countries of Eastern Europe, including the extension of the Rail Baltica line. The geometric average of the relative criteria was applied as a composite index for assessing the routes.
Research and Analysis of the Stressed-Strained State of Metal Corrugated Structures of Railroad Tracks
(НВП ПП «Технологічний Центр», Харьків, 2016) Kovalchuk, Vitalii V.; Luchko, Josef; Bondarenko, Iryna O.; Marcul, Ruslan V.; Parneta, Bohdan Z.
ENG: To assess the stressed-strained state of MCS, a calculation was carried out of equivalent forces that arise from the rolling stock when there is an irregularity in a railroad track, formed in the course of using a pipe. Further accumulation of residual stresses from the action of dynamic wheel load, taking into account time parameter, may affect the occurrence of fluidity of material of a metal pipe. This may lead to the formation of its plastic irreversible deformations.
Research of Railway Crashed Stone Use of 40 –70 mm Fraction
(Kaunas University of Technology, 2018) Pshinko, Oleksandr M.; Patlasov, Oleksandr M.; Andrieiev, Volodymyr S.; Arbuzov, Maxim; Hubar, Oleksіy V.; Hromova, Olena V.; Marcul, Ruslan V.
ENG: The results of the conducted researches on operating, physical and mechanical properties of crushed stone of 40-70 mm fraction are presented in the article as well as the results of the comparison of the given fraction with the fraction of 25-60 mm and determination of the former fraction usage for the ballast with the purpose of more rational fund use during railway repair works. The conducted researches of 40-70 mm fraction of crushed stone allowed receiving: – actual values of technical indices of the product and adopted technical decisions; – conformity of the product with the operating conditions as well as physical and mechanical properties during track maintenance; – ability to perform tests; – comparison of physical, mechanical and operational properties of crushed stone of 40-70 mm fraction with the crushed stone of 25-60 mm fraction.
Research of the Reduced Mass of the Railway Track
(Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary, 2020) Kurhan, Dmytro ; Leibuk, Yaroslav
ENG: In an overall view, a vehicle is described as a system of bodies interconnected by elastic and dissipative couplings. Bodies have a mass concentrated at a point, the movement of which describes their motion. Certain difficulties arise when introducing a railway track into such models. While interacting with the rolling stock, the track operates as an elastic body, and its mass is specified as reduced to the point of interaction. The purpose of this work is to provide a reasonable value of the reduced mass of the railway track depending on its parameters. The task is solved by applying a spatial model of dynamic deformations of the railway track on the basis of the elasticity theory. Such an approach makes it possible to determine which part of the railway track interacts with the wheel based on the propagation of deformations as elastic waves.
Stability Assessment of the Slopes and Side-Hills with Account of the Excess Pressure in the Pore Liquid
(Національний технічний університет «Дніпровська політехніка», Дніпро, 2020) Shapoval, Volodymyr; Shashenko, Oleksandr; Hapieiev, Serhii; Khalymendyk, Oleksii; Andrieiev, Volodymyr S.
ENG: Purpose. The strength criteria substantiation of water-saturated soils and mine rocks, which make it possible to obtain the analytical solutions necessary for determining the stability of water-flooded soil slopes and side-hills. Methods. The methods are applied of analysis and generalization of the theoretical and numerical experimental studies results. The rocks and soils characteristics are taken into account: specific cohesion c, internal friction angle φ, compressive strength Rc and tensile strength Rp of the rock, as well as the bulk density. The load q was imposed to the water-saturated seam roof from the overlying mine rock or soil seams, the weight of equipment or structures located on the surface. It was accepted that the seam is saturated with water (gas) with the excess pressure Р. A point on the mine working surface (or vertical slope surface), located at a depth z is considered. It is determined at which ratio of q, P and z parameters the soil or rock seam will be destroyed. The problem solution is based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Findings. The strengths of water-saturated rock and water-free rock are compared. The ratios have been obtained that make possible to determine the critical load on the daylight surface of water-saturated and water-free vertical slopes, side-hills, trenches and foundation pits, as well as various mine workings in soil bases and mine rocks. The analytical solution has been obtained, which makes it possible to determine a value of the critical pressure on the water-flooded vertical surfaces and soil slopes. The generalization has been made of a certain one-dimensional Mohr-Coulomb strength condition for a water-saturated base characterized by the strength characteristics с and φ for the dimensional case. Originality. It has been theoretically proved that for any pore pressure value in the water-saturated mine rock (or soil) their strength will be less than in their water-free state. New solutions have been formulated for determining the critical height of a water-saturated vertical soil slope or the wall in the vertical mine working. Practical implications. The obtained results make it possible to solve the practical engineering problems on determining the stability of water-saturated slopes and side-hills with a load-free daylight surface, therewith, taking into account the weight of the equipment, stored material and the stability of vertical walls of water-saturated seams of open-cut mine workings.